Barriers to Internet adoption in Indonesian CSOs

Among many other aspects, this research aims to investigate the barriers to the adoption of the Internet in civil society organisations (CSOs). However, it is not easy to address such a question straightforwardly. To approach this inquiry the survey posed two questions. One question addressed the ‘negative aspects’ caused by the use of ICTs, particularly the Internet, in Indonesian CSOs. The other one addressed the extent to which some factors hampered their Internet use.

The Internet and mobilisation of direct action

Among the strategic uses for the internet that Indonesian CSOs carry out is mobilising direct action. A salient example of this is the campaign against violation of human rights, forced disappearances, repression towards labourers and trade unions and campaigns for promoting gender equality, women’s rights, environment sustainability amongst others. The targets are typically government, companies and military bodies. In general, the campaign is performed by submitting an online protest on the web or circulating the issues through various mailing lists asking for support to pressurise government, parliament, military and/or companies to reconsider their actions.

What are the strategic uses of the Internet in Indonesian CSOs?

The word ‘strategic’ is among the most frequent used terms found in the entire fieldwork of this study. When investigating the strategic areas in which the Internet could be used, interviews, workshops and focus groups were overwhelmed with the term so much so that it is now urgent to understand what it really means in the context of this study. Interviews with Indonesian CSO leaders gives us a hint: Internet use is considered strategic when it addresses certain characteristic related to (i) properties of the tools or means being used; (ii) orientation of action for which the tools are used (iii) issues to which the action is tackling, and (iii) actors who perform and are affected by the action.

IGJ and GJU: Shaping civil society views on globalisation issues

The Institute for Global Justice (IGJ) is a research-based advocacy NGO established in 2001, facilitated by INFID and some individual members of the Indonesian NGOs Monitoring Coalition on World Trade Organisation (Koalisi Ornop Pemantau WTO, or KOP-WTO). Rooted in Indonesian social movement and aimed as a part of global civil society network, IGJ envisions a ‘global justice order through social movements’ and aims to ‘deconstruct globalisation and facilitate social transformation in order to be critical towards globalisation through research, advocacy, education and networking activities’. There are three objectives that IGJ aspires to achieve, i.e. the development of critical awareness of the public about globalisation; the existence of local, national and global policy to protect and to appreciate life values and livelihood and a new world order based on pluralism, diversity, sustainability and justice (IGJ, 2001).

AKATIGA and research for CSOs

AKATIGA Foundation or Yayasan AKATIGA is an independent CSO focusing on social research on problems in rural and urban areas, covering issues on land, labour, small and micro entrepreneurship, including initiatives in social movements. In addition to research, AKATIGA’s activities centre around dissemination of information like publication, documentation and training. The information and analysis are aimed at supporting the development of social discourses as well as to endorse empowerment and advocacy conducted by grass root communities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

INFID, NusaNet, and its advocacy network

International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development (INFID) was initially formed in June 1985, under the name of INGI (Inter-NGO Conference on IGGI Matters), by several Indonesian NGOs (YLBHI, WALHI and Sekretariat Bina Desa) in co-operation with a number of Dutch NGOs (NOVIB, CEBEMO, HIVOS and ICCO). INGI was (and INFID is) an open and pluralistic network of 60 NGOs based in Indonesia and 40 NGOs based in other countries mostly belong to IGGI (Inter Governmental Group for Indonesia, previously – now CGI, Consultative Group for Indonesia—a consortium of donor countries). INGI transformed into INFID in 1992, following the dismissal of IGGI by the Indonesian government and the formation of the CGI (Hadiwinata, 2003:98-100). Since its establishment INFID has been providing input and recommendations on development issues to the donor countries of Indonesia by monitoring the use of bilateral and multilateral loans as well as the pledging sessions for new loans.

JRS and its works with the vulnerable

Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS) Indonesia is part of the Rome-based JRS International founded by Fr. Pedro Aruppe SJ in 1980 which has networks in 50 countries. JRS Indonesia started its activity assisting refugees from Vietnam and Cambodia in Galang Island in the late 1980s but concluded the mission after the government of Indonesia closed the island. In 1998, JRS Indonesia was reinitiated in West Timor following conflict in the neighbouring East Timor province (now independent Timor Leste) and soon worked in Ambon to deliver medical aids and service for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). In 2004 the West Timor project was concluded and now JRS works in two regions: Moluccas (post Muslim-Christian conflicts) and Sumatra including Aceh (post tsunami), to work with the refugees and take care of their lives.

YDA, Advokasi and the endeavour to spread global awareness

Yayasan Duta Awam (YDA), set up in Solo, Central Java in 1996, is a CSO working on the issue of farmers advocacy and civil society empowerment. Working with 16 full-timers, YDA aims particularly to empower the farmers so that they can advocate themselves independently in the future, when agricultural and rural development issues are projected to escalate politically in Indonesia. This goal is to be achieved through three main strategic activities: participatory research and monitoring, stakeholder dialogue forums and grassroots media. As a “Farmers’ Institute for Advocacy” YDA has clearly formulated its strategy to empower and increase farmers’ capacity through educations, trainings and mobilisation; advocacy; development of public discourse; database; and capacity building for institutions and organisations.

Box 7 – INFID, NusaNet, and its advocacy network

International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development (INFID) was initially formed in June 1985, under the name of INGI (Inter-NGO Conference on IGGI Matters), by several Indonesian NGOs (YLBHI, WALHI and Sekretariat Bina Desa) in co-operation with a number of Dutch NGOs (NOVIB, CEBEMO, HIVOS and ICCO). INGI was (and INFID is) an open and pluralistic network of 60 NGOs based in Indonesia and 40 NGOs based in other countries mostly belong to IGGI (Inter Governmental Group for Indonesia, previously – now CGI, Consultative Group for Indonesia—a consortium of donor countries). INGI transformed into INFID in 1992, following the dismissal of IGGI by the Indonesian government and the formation of the CGI (Hadiwinata, 2003:98-100). Since its establishment INFID has been providing input and recommendations on development issues to the donor countries of Indonesia by monitoring the use of bilateral and multilateral loans as well as the pledging sessions for new loans.

Website of Website of INFID (English version)
The banner reads “Stop poverty-sation”(left) and “Democratisation”(right)
http://www.infid.org (visited 14/03/2007)

INFID aims to facilitate the communication between Indonesian NGOs and their international partners to promote the policy of eradicating structural poverty and to build the capacity to improve the livelihood of the poor and the oppressed in Indonesia. In the Indonesian social movement, INFID is seen as one of the most respected advocacy network NGOs. With its Indonesian secretariat employing 25 full-time staff and 5 part-time staff, and managing several billions IDR (or hundred thousands USD) annually to maintain the network of 100 organisations both national and international, INFID is no doubt seen by others as a big advocacy NGO in Indonesia.

Read the rest of the article here.

Source: Observation and in-depth interview with Susilo (1/12/2005)
(PhD Thesis, Nugroho, 2007:212 – Box 6.4.)

Box 6 – JRS and its works with the vulnerable

Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS) Indonesia is part of the Rome-based JRS International founded by Fr. Pedro Aruppe SJ in 1980 which has networks in 50 countries. JRS Indonesia started its activity assisting refugees from Vietnam and Cambodia in Galang Island in the late 1980s but concluded the mission after the government of Indonesia closed the island. In 1998, JRS Indonesia was reinitiated in West Timor following conflict in the neighbouring East Timor province (now independent Timor Leste) and soon worked in Ambon to deliver medical aids and service for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). In 2004 the West Timor project was concluded and now JRS works in two regions: Moluccas (post Muslim-Christian conflicts) and Sumatra including Aceh (post tsunami), to work with the refugees and take care of their lives.

Website of Jesuit Refugee Service Indonesia
http://www.jrs.or.id (viewed 20/03/2007)

In addition to the refugee-related issues and concerns, JRS Indonesia is also actively involved in the “Ban Landmine” campaign to pressure the government of Indonesia to ratify the Mine Ban Treaty. As result of this campaign, Indonesia, which signed the treaty in 1997, finally ratified it on 7 December 2006 marked by the Indonesian parliament signing the draft law (bill) on the Ratification of the Mine Ban Treaty which was then signed by the President.

Read the rest of the article here.

Source: Observation and in-depth interview with Kristanto (15/11/2005)
(PhD Thesis, Nugroho, 2007:208 – Box 6.3.)

Box 5 – YDA, Advokasi and the endeavour to spread global awareness

Yayasan Duta Awam (YDA), set up in Solo, Central Java in 1996, is a CSO working on the issue of farmers advocacy and civil society empowerment. Working with 16 full-timers, YDA aims particularly to empower the farmers so that they can advocate themselves independently in the future, when agricultural and rural development issues are projected to escalate politically in Indonesia. This goal is to be achieved through three main strategic activities: participatory research and monitoring, stakeholder dialogue forums and grassroots media. As a “Farmers’ Institute for Advocacy” YDA has clearly formulated its strategy to empower and increase farmers’ capacity through educations, trainings and mobilisation; advocacy; development of public discourse; database; and capacity building for institutions and organisations.

Website of Yayasan Duta Awam
http://dutaawam.org (visited 17/03/2007)

YDA’s activities span to other regions: Riau, West Kalimantan, Bengkulu and South Kalimantan provinces involving tens of CSOs working in similar issues. YDA is also an active member of SatuDunia, an Indonesian extension of UK-based Oneworld.Net network. Together with its networks, YDA is now leading the monitoring of the implementation of CERD (Community Empowerment for Rural Development), a national project funded by ADB’s loan. As part of its strategy, the Internet is introduced to YDA’s staff, networks, and their beneficiaries: local farmers. Not only is the farmer’s bulletin “Advokasi” made available online, but YDA has also pioneered online communities for farmers and its NGO networks. The result of YDA’s engagement with the Internet sometimes goes beyond what can be imagined.

Read the rest of the article here.

Source: Observation and in-depth interview with Riza (30/11/2005)
(PhD Thesis, Nugroho, 2007:203 – Box 6.2.)

Box 12 – Barriers to Internet adoption in Indonesian CSOs

Among many other aspects, this research aims to investigate the barriers to the adoption of the Internet in civil society organisations (CSOs). However, it is not easy to address such a question straightforwardly. To approach this inquiry the survey posed two questions. One question addressed the ‘negative aspects’ caused by the use of ICTs, particularly the Internet, in Indonesian CSOs. The other one addressed the extent to which some factors hampered their Internet use.

Are there any negative aspects caused by Internet use in your organisation?

Source: Fieldwork survey data;
N=268, multiple responses possible

The salient negative aspects of Internet use in CSOs seem to be related more to the technical issues (computer virus and SPAM messages), and management issues (increase in expenditures, both in general and for specific communication purpose) rather than to the movement-specific issues (being overwhelmed in networking, and issues and concerns becoming biased). It is interesting to see that in only a few instances was the Internet said to be distractive to CSOs’ staff.

Read the rest of the article here.

Source: Fieldwork survey and author’s reflection.
(PhD Thesis, Nugroho, 2007:275 – Box 8.1.)

Box 11 – The Internet and mobilisation of direct action

Among the strategic uses for the internet that Indonesian CSOs carry out is mobilising direct action. A salient example of this is the campaign against violation of human rights, forced disappearances, repression towards labourers and trade unions and campaigns for promoting gender equality, women’s rights, environment sustainability amongst others. The targets are typically government, companies and military bodies. In general, the campaign is performed by submitting an online protest on the web or circulating the issues through various mailing lists asking for support to pressurise government, parliament, military and/or companies to reconsider their actions.

Box 10 – What are the strategic uses of the Internet in Indonesian CSOs?

The word ‘strategic’ is among the most frequent used terms found in the entire fieldwork of this study. When investigating the strategic areas in which the Internet could be used, interviews, workshops and focus groups were overwhelmed with the term so much so that it is now urgent to understand what it really means in the context of this study. Interviews with Indonesian CSO leaders gives us a hint: Internet use is considered strategic when it addresses certain characteristic related to (i) properties of the tools or means being used; (ii) orientation of action for which the tools are used (iii) issues to which the action is tackling, and (iii) actors who perform and are affected by the action.

This study therefore defines “strategic use of the Internet” as an enactment and/or appropriation of particular characteristics of the Internet to perform specific actions within certain issues to achieve specific goals which are perceived to be meaningful not only by the actors doing the actions but also by others affected by the actions.

Based on the fieldwork investigation, particularly interviews [of 46 CSO activists representing 35 organisations] and workshops [of 94 participants representing 72 organisations], the study endeavours to look at the following areas which are abundantly referred to by the CSOs involved in the study. There are five areas in which the Internet could be used strategically to achieve the mission and goals of the organisations, i.e. (1) collaboration, (2) mobilisation, (3) empowerment and development, (4) research and publication, and (5) advocacy and monitoring.

Read the rest of the article here.

Source: Interviews, workshops, and author’s reflection.
(PhD Thesis, Nugroho, 2007:230 – Box 6.7.)

Picture of this post is taken from APC website (www.apc.org)

Box 9 – IGJ and GJU: Shaping civil society views on globalisation issues

The Institute for Global Justice (IGJ) is a research-based advocacy NGO established in 2001, facilitated by INFID and some individual members of the Indonesian NGOs Monitoring Coalition on World Trade Organisation (Koalisi Ornop Pemantau WTO, or KOP-WTO). Rooted in Indonesian social movement and aimed as a part of global civil society network, IGJ envisions a ‘global justice order through social movements’ and aims to ‘deconstruct globalisation and facilitate social transformation in order to be critical towards globalisation through research, advocacy, education and networking activities’. There are three objectives that IGJ aspires to achieve, i.e. the development of critical awareness of the public about globalisation; the existence of local, national and global policy to protect and to appreciate life values and livelihood and a new world order based on pluralism, diversity, sustainability and justice (IGJ, 2001).

Website of the Institute for Global Justice (IGJ)
http://www.globaljust.org (visited 16/03/2007)

IGJ works with some 6 full-timers and a similar number of part-timers and manages IDR1-2 billion annually (approx USD111-222K). Established in the era when the Internet has been widely available in the centre of the metropolitan city of Jakarta, IGJ has adopted the technology since it was established. Using the 24/7 broadband connection, although with funnily fluctuating access speed as can always be expected in Indonesia, IGJ seems to be able to reap the benefit of the Internet to help achieve its objectives. And as IGJ works closely with its network, the benefits are also enjoyed by its partners.

Read the rest of the article here.

Source: Observation and interview with Hanim (27-28/10/2005; 23/05/2006) and Setiawan (22/02/2006)
(PhD Thesis, Nugroho, 2007:221 – Box 6.6.)

Box 8 – AKATIGA and research for CSOs

AKATIGA Foundation or Yayasan AKATIGA is an independent CSO focusing on social research on problems in rural and urban areas, covering issues on land, labour, small and micro entrepreneurship, including initiatives in social movements. In addition to research, AKATIGA’s activities centre around dissemination of information like publication, documentation and training. The information and analysis are aimed at supporting the development of social discourses as well as to endorse empowerment and advocacy conducted by grass root communities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

Website of Yayasan AKATIGA
http://www.akatiga.org (consulted 16/03/2007)

AKATIGA conducts this advocacy through cooperation with several strategic and relevant networks in order to effectively reach to the bottom layer of certain marginalised communities. AKATIGA also provides services in research methodology training, primarily targeted to CSOs but also for government institutions. The main aim of this service is to increase their capacity in analysis in order to be able to plan more effective strategies and contextual advocacy. AKATIGA has been publishing its research as books (there are some 44 titles on SME, land, labour and governance studies), journal of social analysis (four monthly periodicals, since 1995), working papers and research reports, newspaper clippings (electronic and printed, since 1998), annotated bibliography series (since 2005) and pocket books, posters and module targeted to the wider public and specific NGOs.

Read the rest of the article here.

Source: Observation and in-depth interview with Sari (19/12/2005)
(PhD Thesis, Nugroho, 2007:218 – Box 6.5.)

Weighing impacts of Internet appropriation in Indonesian CSOs

Surman and Reilly (2003) offer a simple framework to understand different extents of Internet use in CSOs by posing three steps in a ‘ladder’, i.e. access, adoption and appropriation. While Camacho’s and Surman’s model offers simplicity to understand different levels that CSOs should use to maximise the benefit of using the ICT, the model proposed by this study provides more details in comprehending the course of actions involved during the innovation-decision process when CSOs (in this instance, Indonesian) adopt the Internet technology until they fully appropriate it. What matters here, empirically, is the impact of such adoption and use on the performance of the organisation. Survey data shows that the overall effect of the Internet use may support the argument that the Internet has been used as a ‘convivial medium’ for CSOs, as concluded by Lim (2003) following Illich’s prophetic vision on human-technology relation (Illich, 1973).

Framing attributes of Internet adoption in CSOs: Miles’ approach

How can perceived attributes [in the adoption of the Internet in Indonesian CSOs] be explained within diffusion theory and CSO study at the same time? Ian Miles (1996) provides an insight to understand competing perspective in ICTs. In his work, he departs from the concern about the classic debate on ‘consensus v. conflict’ which has long been pathological in social science –that in fact also perfectly matches with the spectrum of ‘activism paradigm’ in CSOs*.

Indonesian CSOs – Formal status as strategy

The survey (of 268 CSOs during this study) shows that 73.13% of respondent CSOs are formally registered organisations. While this may sound strange recognising that many social movement organisations are informal (Crossley, 2002; Davis et al., 2005; Della-Porta and Diani, 2006), interviews may be able to provide some explanation. The program manager of Yayasan SET explained explicitly that, “in legal terms, all [CSOs] are foundations. What we have [termed as] NGOs, LSMs, CSOs – they are all [legally registered as] foundations” (Kristiawan, interview, 28/10/05). Kristiawan’s explanation confirms findings from previous work. In their attempt to escape from government control, there was a period when many Indonesian CSOs felt it necessary to formally register with the notary as a foundation (yayasan) as this would provide a necessary legal basis for the organisations’ existence and at the same time ‘exempted’ them from current laws aimed at controlling CSOs’ activities (Bunnell, 1996:198; Eldridge, 1995:7-8; Hadiwinata, 2003:95-96).

modul penanganan bencana berbasis masyarakat

seorang kawan saya, Jonatan Lassa, mengirim email di bawah ini melalui milis para alumni Chevening dan pelajar di UK. saya posting di sini karena saya kira bisa bermanfaat bagi rekan-rekan sekalian.

bung Jonatan, terima kasih banyak.

salam,
y

———-
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Kumpulan Module Training Community Based Disaster Risk Management alias CBDRM (Penanganan Risiko Bencana Berbasis Masyarakat) Sebanyak 20 Modul oleh Tim Trainer INDOSASTERS: Jonatan Lassa, Yulius Nakmofa (Direktur PMPB Kupang, 15 tahun menjadi fasilitator kampung, secara langsung melakukan PRA di lebih dari 45 desa di NTT, belum termasuk co-fasilitator dalam konteks CBDRM di lebih dari 33 desa di NTT) dan Affan Ramli (Aceh Disaster Watch), Solichul Hadi (pengalaman fasilitator kampung dalam konteks banjir di Kalimantan dan Aceh lebih dari 6 tahun), Nus Ukru (pengalaman fasilitator kampung di Maluku lebih dari 15 tahun dan workshop/training nasional di lebih dari 15 propinsi di Indonesia). Semua bisa didownload gratis tanpa dibayar. Bila digunakan, tolong jangan lupa mencantumkan sumber “Indosasters” (Jangan Jadi Fasilitaor yang Plagiator!). Bila anda tertarik dengan materi kami dan berkehendak menggunakan jasa kami bagi mitra dan lembaga anda, bisa menghubungi kami di axcelitho@ntt-academia.org atau juga bisa menghubungi Circle Indonesia di http://www.circleindonesia.or.id/

Materi terlampir hanyalah contoh for display. Materi-materi kami selalu baru dan segar secara konseptual maupun pengalaman lapangan baik dari konteks Aceh, NTT (Alor, Timor, Flores, Sumba), hingga Sulawesi, Kalimantan dan Papua. Semuanya tersedia untuk klik di bawah ini: (http://ntt-academia.org/studi_bencana_ntt/)

1.	Modul 1.1 Last miles of DRM & Global disaster regime
2	Modul 1.2 People & Disaster (Konsepsi Manusia dan Bencana
3	Modul 1.3 Glosary of terms in DRM
4	Modul 2.1 Perencanaan Penanganan Bencana & paradigma DM
4a	Modul 2.1A Paradigma dan Perencanaan DM
5	Modul 2.2 Pengelanan CBDRM Framework
6	Modul 2.3 Kecirian dan anatomi CBDRM
7	Modul 2.4 Proses-proses CBDRM
8	Modul 3.1 Community risk assessment
9	Modul 3.2 Hazard Assessment
10	Modul 3.3 Vulnerability assessment
11	Modul 3.4 Capacity assessment
12	Modul 3.5 Tools and Skills in CBDRM
13	Modul 4.1 Ukuran Pelaksanaan CBDRM
14	Modul 4.2 Stakeholder analisis dalam CBDRM
15	Modul 4.3 Analisis sumber daya & Prioritas Aksi CBDRM
16	Modul 4.4 Mekanisme Organisasi & rencana kerja org CBDRM
17	Modul 4.5 Community organiser for CBDRM
18	Modul 4.6 Keberlanjutan CBDRM
19	Modul 5.1 Respon emergesi kemanusiaan
20	General overview of training Processes

ps. gambar diambil dari sini